The Roman Empire, we must not forget, was technically more backward than the Middle Ages…The horse collar had not been invented, so that oxen had to be employed for plowing and for carting…Yet with this primitive technique, agriculture had to carry an ambitious superstructure far heavier than that of any medieval state. ^[1]

 

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Page Notes:

^[1] Source: A.H.M. Jones, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1955. p. 220.

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